Napoleon s Influence On The French Revolution - 1163 Words

Napoleon had many impacts on the French Revolution between 1797 and 1815, due to his commanding of his military. Napoleon had many Political, and Military impacts on the French revolution. Military general and first emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, Corsica, France. One of the most celebrated leaders in the history of the West, he revolutionised military organization and training, sponsored Napoleonic Code, reorganised education and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy. He died on May 5, 1821, on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. Some of his political impacts that Napoleon had on France between 1797 and 1815 was his ability to overthrow the government which†¦show more content†¦He did this to raise funds towards his military campaigns. During these years, Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy, that was eliminated during the French revolution, and began handing out titles of nobility to his loyal friends and family as his empire continued to expand across much of western and central continental Europe. He did this so he didn’t have to manage all of his armies/colonies at once, and could therefore manage his main army on all of his conquests. As far as political and civil liberties were concerned, Napoleon largely suppressed them with strict censorship and the establishment of a virtual police state in order to protect his power. However, Napoleon saw equality as a politically useful concept that he could maintain with little threat to his position. After all, everyone, at least all men, were equally under his power. One of his main accomplishments as a ruler was the establishment of the Napoleonic Civil Law Codes, which made all men equal under the law while maintaining their legal power over women. Therefore, any hopes women may have had of the Revolution improving their legal position were thwarted by Napoleon. Napoleon saw nationalism as crucial to maintaini ng the loyalty of the French people to his regime. After all, it was the spirit of nationalism that had inspired its armies in a remarkable series of victories that had especially benefited Napoleon and allowed hisShow MoreRelatedNapoleon s Control Over Europe s Territory1103 Words   |  5 PagesNapoleon’s Control Over Europe s Territory Napoleon Bonaparte will remain in the heart of many French nationals as one of the greatest military leaders that the nation has had when it comes to warfare history. In 1799, Napoleon launched a series of wars, which historians call, â€Å"Napoleonic Wars† in a bid to extend the territory of France in Europe. Many historians argue that the Napoleonic Wars were a continuation of the French Revolution in 1789. The revolution brought with it many changes, especiallyRead MoreThe French Revolution1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revolutions Moderate Phase lasted from 1789 to 1792, in time the Third Estate got a lot of power through the people of France. A constitution was written by the National Assembly for France that worked to change multiple things that people in the Third Estate found wrong with the French government, and monarchy was one of the main concerns addressed in the constitution. For a considerably long deal of time prior to the revolution, All of France was se parated into different provinces, whichRead MoreFrance - Change over Time Essay (French Revolution)1156 Words   |  5 Pagesin the 1700 s, France experienced a dramatic shift of sentiments against the monarchy, nobility, and Catholic Church as the people, fired by rousing new Enlightenment ideals, began to question authority and emphasize the need for equality, liberty, and democracy. The social and political changes in France were best characterized by three different periods - the weak monarchy of King Louis XVI and the subsequent period of confusion after his removal from power, the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte andRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell922 Words   |  4 PagesRussian Revolution. The story can be related to almost any revolution because the main idea involves dictatorship. In this essay, Animal Farm will be compared to the events and people that were involved in the French Revolution. The animals in Mr. Jones farm were treated harshly, like the lower class citiz ens of France. The common element in both was that there was no middle class, the French and the animals on the farm were either very wealthy or living in extreme poverty. As for the French revolutionRead MoreNapoleon And The French Revolution850 Words   |  4 Pages15th, 1769, a date that to this day many do not remember, but remains one of the most defining periods in France s history, and certainly a date that bore significant implications in what was to become the French Revolution; for on this day was the birth of one of the most influential political figures in France s history, as well as an astute and daring military commander-- Napoleon Bonaparte. Little did his upper-middle class parents know that on that day their miracle would write the historyRead MoreThe French Revolution:. The French Revolution Helped Mold1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution: The French revolution helped mold a lot of nations into what they are today. The French revolution began in 1789 and ended in 1799. Some important factors in the revolution are: its people, battles, and how it affected the nations that we know today. The French Revolution, also known as the revolution of 1789, was a movement that helped shape France into what it is today. The Revolution may have began in 1787 but it was not until 1789 the revolution to become worse. TheRead MoreNapoleon Crossing the Alps at Saint Bernard Pass, 1800736 Words   |  3 Pages11/8/13 Napoleon Crossing the Alps at Saint Bernard Pass, 1800 The painting of Napoleon Crossing the Alps at Saint Bernard Pass is truly a magnificent and unique work of art for its time. It is an oil painting on canvas which was painted by JacquesLouis David. The work was first started in October of 1800 and completed just four months later in January of 18011. However, there were a total of five different versions of the painting created, with the last version being completed in 1805. All fiveRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was an influential period of social and political upheaval in France tha t lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship by Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, theRead MoreNapoleon s Position As The Leader Of France1188 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revolution marked a significant shift in the status of not only France but also Europe and the world as an entirety. In a period of uproar and uncertainty, the people of France saw themselves without a specific leader to alter the status of the country. By taking full control of almost every aspect of the country, Napoleon Bonaparte s position as the leader of France saw significant changes in the army, economic and social positions of the once powerful nation. In his rapidRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte as a Military Leader600 Words   |  3 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte as a Military Leader There have been many successful military leaders throughout history, but no leader has ever conquered the entire world. Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the best leaders of all time, nearly achieved this goal. Although his conquest for power and territory were beneficial to France, it did not have the same effect on Europe. As a self-appointed emperor, Napoleon was known as an extraordinary military field general and an effective reformer. His political policy furthered

Organizational Architecture And Corporate Culture

1. (10 pts.) Discuss how organizational architecture and corporate culture are related. Use an example of a real-life firm and discuss how its corporate culture blends with its organizational architecture. Organizational architecture is a strategic planning initiative of the day-to-day activities or the foundation and structure in which the business operates. Moreover, it is the organization’s arrangement of systems of authority, specific departments within the company, and the responsibility and duties of those specific positions. Furthermore, the primary goal of organizational architecture is to ensure the overall success of the company by creating value to customers and all aspects of the company. Corporate culture is the way employees†¦show more content†¦He finds that he is overworked and that several of his research scientists seem to be spending work hours playing tennis. What is going on? Specifically, Billy Riggan is experiencing a â€Å"free-rider† problem with his fellow research scientists. Moreover, Billy is dealing with a sense of responsibility due to the fact that he is the one in charge of making the choices on product innovations and technological developments. However, the other research scientists are counting on his sense of responsibility for him to actively work to ensure the success of the company. Furthermore, Billy could be experiencing some low confidence in his management abilities due to the lack of involvement from these research scientists. In any case, there could be a possible risk of derailment with his job if he were to take this problem to higher management, which could look as if he is not management material and the upper-management could demote him. Unfortunately, Billy is in a situation where he decides to continue being overworked and allow this â€Å"free-rider† problem to continuously occur. Free-rider problems are comm on in most group activities and, if left unchecked, greatly reduce the output of teams (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, 2016, p. 334). Overall, the company needs to look into reorganizing these specific teams to be more beneficial to each person and the company as a whole. However, if this problem is left without correction, theShow MoreRelatedCorporate Culture And Organizational Architecture Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate culture and organizational architecture should be interconnected in any successful organization or company. According to Brickley et al (2009) Organizational architecture consists of three legs of an organization; assignments of right to decision, individual rewarding methods and systems used in the evaluation of business units and individual performance. Organizational architecture on the other hand can be described as the designed framework of departments of a company such as responsibilityRead MoreMba 540 Final Exam Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesMBA 540 Final Exam 1. (10 pts.) Discuss how organizational architecture and corporate culture are related. Use an example of a real-life firm and discuss how its corporate culture blends with its organizational architecture. Organizational architecture and corporate culture should be intertwined within any successful company or organization. In the text, Brickley (2009), refers to organizational architecture as being three legs of a company: assignments of decision rights, 2) methods of rewardingRead MoreLooking At What Cloud Computing?1459 Words   |  6 Pagesreplacement of organizational traditional system architecture could impact the prevailing organizational culture. This report will also help us understand the likelihood of cloud computing adoption in organizations as it’s relates to a particular holistic corporate culture model. The findings can support a convincing argument on why businesses should adopt a cloud computing strategy. Keywords: cloud computing, organizational culture, cloud adoption, cloud computing in organizational structures. Read MoreDell s Strategy And Transformation Planning1196 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning, the company adopted or followed enterprise architecture that helps to create better infrastructure and solutions across the company. With this enhancement, Dell able to expand company services includes financing, asset recovery, hosted IT services, and storage systems. Today, Dell is one of the top PC Company having annual budget close to $67 billion and offers wide range of IT products services to enterprise and consumer market. â€Æ' Organizational Structure Dell provides wide range of IT productsRead MoreBuilding A Target Conformant And Flexible Enterprise Architecture1464 Words   |  6 Pagesand flexible Enterprise Architecture, and to put it in a perspective, it is very important to analyse and visualize various academic and industrial frameworks and comprehend and define its concepts. Various definitions describe different architectural processes, systems, technologies, components and their relationships (Taleb et al, 2012a).The following section discusses three industrial and three academic frameworks which provide different viewpoints of Enterprise Architecture. Analysis: FigureRead MoreThe Soccer Club : A Professional Italian Association Football Club1608 Words   |  7 Pages Discussion Organizational culture is a crucial element of every organization; hence it comes as no surprise that it has received much scholarly attention. While it is impossible to summarize all research on organizational culture in a single piece, a number of fundamental studies must be noted. Ouchi (1980; 1982) compared organizations to clans having a strong culture to help them with goal incongruence and performance ambiguity. Barney (1986) proposed that organizational culture might be a sourceRead MoreArthur Andersen Case2216 Words   |  9 Pagesover the years. Environmental, strategic, and organizational changes In designing the optimal architecture for a given firm, market conditions, technology, and government regulation should be taken into consideration as these are important factors and determinants of strategy. At the top is firm’s external business environment which comprises of technology, markets, and regulations all of which feeds down strategy, organizational architecture, incentives and actions, and firm value. In orderRead MoreTechnology-Related Decision Making in Organizations1472 Words   |  6 Pagesguide Information Technology (IT) investments and initiatives. Governance transcends the tactical and brings the strategic IT requirements to a high priority in any organizational structure, concentrating on how to keep information systems agile enough to meet user needs while being stable enough to sustain the core business. Organizational information systems can and do become catalysts of exceptional financial and market success in the best companies, as these systems connect and clarify a complexRead MoreStrategic And Operational Plans For New Technologies1566 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout my career I have always been sought after for my experience and skill in being able to fuel an agency’s desire to change and adopt a culture that thrives on innovation and I have been successful, by authoring the strategic and operational plans, necessary to move the agency business goals for ward. I have implementing the corresponding governance oversight to ensure that the plans result in the successful adoption of new technologies. Over 20 years of experience in providing expert, high-levelRead MoreInfosys Technologies : Software Outsourcing Market942 Words   |  4 Pages(BoK) to archive mentoring and document sessions made by project managers at the completion of every project, ii) In 1995, a technical bulletin forum was set up by the employees to generate technical discussions, iii) In 1996, it was rolled out a corporate intranet to integrate all departmental information, iv) In 1997, it was created a process assets database to store project-related artefacts for future reuse as well as it was created Markets assets Repository to store key project proposals, and

The Board of Directors †Roles and Responsibilities Free Essays

The Board of Directors – roles and responsibilities The board’s key purpose is to ensure the company’s prosperity by collectively directing the company’s affairs, whilst meeting the appropriate interests of its shareholders and stakeholders. The objects of the company are defined in the Memorandum of Association and regulations are laid out in the Articles of Association. Appointment of directors The ultimate control as to the composition of the board of directors rests with the shareholders, who can always appoint, and – more importantly, sometimes – dismiss a director. We will write a custom essay sample on The Board of Directors – Roles and Responsibilities or any similar topic only for you Order Now The shareholders can also fix the minimum and maximum number of directors. However, the board can usually appoint (but not dismiss) a director to his office as well. A director may be dismissed from office by a majority vote of the shareholders, provided that a special procedure is followed. The procedure is complex, and legal advice will always be required. Role of the board of directors Boards can be helped greatly by focusing on four key areas: Establish vision, mission and values †¢ Determine the company’s vision and mission to guide and set the pace for its current operations and future development. †¢ †¢ Determine the values to be promoted throughout the company. Determine and review company goals. Determine company policies Set strategy and structure †¢ Review and evaluate present and future opportunities, threats and risks in the external environment and current and future strengths, weaknesses and risks relating to the company. †¢ †¢ â₠¬ ¢ Determine strategic options, select those to be pursued, and decide the means to implement and support them. Determine the business strategies and plans that underpin the corporate strategy. Ensure that the company’s organisational structure and capability are appropriate for implementing the chosen strategies. Delegate to management †¢ Delegate authority to management, and monitor and evaluate the implementation of policies, strategies and business plans. †¢ †¢ †¢ Determine monitoring criteria to be used by the board. Ensure that internal controls are effective. Communicate with senior management. Exercise accountability to shareholders and be responsible to relevant stakeholders †¢ Ensure that communications both to and from shareholders and relevant stakeholders are effective. †¢ †¢ Understand and take into account the interests of shareholders and relevant stakeholders. Monitor relations with shareholders and relevant stakeholders by gathering and evaluation of appropriate information. Promote the goodwill and support of shareholders and relevant stakeholders. Responsibilities of directors Directors look after the affairs of the company, and are in a position of trust. They might abuse their position in order to profit at the expense of their company, and, therefore, at the expense of the shareholders of the company. Consequently, the law imposes a number of duties, burdens and responsibilities upon directors, to prevent abuse. Much of company law can be seen as a balance between allowing directors to manage the company’s business so as to make a profit, and preventing them from abusing this freedom. Directors are responsible for ensuring that proper books of account are kept. In some circumstances, a director can be required to help pay the debts of his company, even though it is a separate legal person. For example, directors of a company who try to ‘trade out of difficulty’ and fail may be found guilty of ‘wrongful trading’ and can be made personally liable. Directors are particularly vulnerable if they have acted in a way which benefits themselves. †¢ The directors must always exercise their powers for a ‘proper purpose’ – that is, in furtherance of the reason for which they were given those powers by the shareholders. Directors must act in good faith in what they honestly believe to be the best interests of the company, and not for any collateral purpose. This means that, particularly in the event of a conflict of interest between the company’s interests and their own, the directors must always favour the company. Directors must act with due skill and care. Directors must consider the interests of employees of the company. †¢ †¢ †¢ Calling a directors’ meeting A director, or the secretary at the request of a director, may call a directors’ meeting. A secretary may not call a meeting unless requested to do so by a director or the directors. Each director must be given reasonable notice of the meeting, stating its date, time and place. Commonly, seven days is given but what is ‘reasonable’ depends in the last resort on the circumstances Non-executive directors Legally speaking, there is no distinction between an executive and non-executive director. Yet there is inescapably a sense that the non-executive’s role can be seen as balancing that of the executive director, so as to ensure the board as a whole functions effectively. Where the executive director has an intimate knowledge of the company, the non-executive director may be expected to have a wider perspective of the world at large. 2 The chairman of the board The articles usually provide for the election of a chairman of the board. They empower the directors to appoint one of their own number as chairman and to determine the period for which he is to hold office. If no chairman is elected, or the elected chairman is not present within five minutes of the time fixed for the meeting or is unwilling to preside, those directors in attendance may usually elect one of their number as chairman of the meeting. The chairman will usually have a second of casting vote in the case of equality of votes. Unless the articles confer such a vote upon him, however, a chairman has no casting vote merely by virtue of his office. Since the chairman’s position is of great importance, it is vital that his election is clearly in accordance with any special procedure laid down by the articles and that it is unambiguously minuted; this is especially important to avoid disputes as to his period in office. Usually there is no special procedure for resignation. As for removal, articles usually empower the board to remove the chairman from office at any time. Proper and clear minutes are important in order to avoid disputes. Role of the chairman The chairman’s role includes managing the board’s business and acting as its facilitator and guide. This can include: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Determining board composition and organisation; Clarifying board and management responsibilities; Planning and managing board and board committee meetings; Developing the effectiveness of the board. Shadow directors In many circumstances, the law applies not only to a director, but to a ‘shadow director’. A shadow director is a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of a company are accustomed to act. Under this definition, it is possible that a director, or the whole board, of a holding company, and the holding company itself, could be treated as a shadow director of a subsidiary. Professional advisers giving advice in their professional capacity are specifically excluded from the definition of a shadow director in the companies legislation. RCW 5/11/2000 Sources: Standards for the Board, Institute of Directors The Independent Director, IoD/Ernst ; Young Running a limited company, David Impney ; Nicholas Montague, Jordans  © 2000 Brefi Group Limited http://www. corporatecoach. co. uk/ How to cite The Board of Directors – Roles and Responsibilities, Papers

Truly Unique free essay sample

bh Affectionate, passionate, and dedicated describes the environment in which I was fortunate enough to have been raised. When I was five, my father passed away from a sudden heart attack. Despite the overwhelming loss, my mother mustered the courage and resources to raise me to be a balanced individual with the potential to achieve great things. Religious identity has always been an important aspect to my family. When my father was younger, he would always contribute to the spreading of yidishkite. When a Chabad emissary asked him, Are you JewishWould you like to put on tefilin, he would, with pleasure, accept their invitation. This essence of fully embracing religion runs centrally through me as I make the transition into adulthood. Im not like most of your candidates who have been raised in a religious environment all their lives. I have made significant strides to be where I am today. We will write a custom essay sample on Truly Unique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I was fourteen, I was inspired to raise my level of religious awareness by a group of counselors who participated in Camp Gan Israel in Plano, Texas. During their first Shabbat, they invited me to join them and open to new opportunities, I eagerly accepted their offer. Im glad I did because the journey continues to be rich and surprising. My observance of Shabbat and kosher has taken me to deeper levels of understanding about Judaism. Just recently, Ive begun to incorporate an expanded sense of modesty in my lifestyle. These changes have been gradual but meaningful. Given that I live in a predominantly secular culture, the transitions have been laced with obstacles. In particular, attending a public school has come with its share of challenges. I get those occasional questions, What is Shabbat? Why are you dressing so covered up? Why cant you eat what were eating? and I explain in terms my peers can understand. It has made me proud to be a Jew and challenge myself more to tran sform the way religious Jews are viewed in todays secular society. I hope to continue to foster my commitment to Judaism in college, while honoring my fathers memory.

Why the arts is better than science Essay Example For Students

Why the arts is better than science Essay Why the arts is better than science Creativity cannot be taught. People use their own individual talents. Feelings and emotions can be expressive Different life experiences and the varying perspectives people have. Art gives us what makes us truly special. What it means to be a human. We have to found ways of expressing ourselves; Otherwise we just become clones of each other. Subjectivity plays a large role here as that the fact everybody appreciates science and What it does to benefit us means it is lacking spirituality. Science theories and their truths are objective. In the past they have been wrong. Therefore they can be proved wrong. However art cannot be. E. G. Scientists may one day discover our theory of gravity to be incorrect, but nobody can ever say that Ad Vines Last Supper needed a little more red. There is only so much that science can discover about our world; there are limits to the exploration of science because it is bound by number and formulae. They just build upon what is already known, But the arts have no limits; only that of imagination. We will write a custom essay on Why the arts is better than science specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Science is a race to see who can discover the most first. Art is individual because nobody can steal your work or ideas; even it they tried it would NEVER be identical to what you could produce. Therefore it expresses freedom and individuality Art is just as constructive as science. Even in our early primitive years we used cave paintings, for example, to express our opinions, describe and try to explain the world we live in, Art came long before science- foundation of our expression. A musician, dancer or painter must also learn technique, sometimes as rigorously, for such a lengthy period of time, and as precisely as any scientist. The difference is, that they take vatu they have learnt and build upon the foundations of this technique to form individuality unparalleled with science. Art can be a form of protest. For example animal farm, George Orwell wrote about animals however it actually represented the Communism in the USSR. Art can be interpreted individually. We have to kick further than the paper, for example always analyzing poems and novels in English, or trying to explore deeper into the emotions and sub ideas a choreographer was trying to portray in a dance. This therefore, opens up discussion and generates deeper thinking amongst our society so we become more enriched people. Although the arts do not solve problems like science, they connect the inner expressions of artists with the outside world; ready for our own interpretation.

Free Essays on Using The Internet In Todays Society

Using the Internet in Today’s Society In our day and age we have been privileged enough to see many changes in the way we live. Technology is making life more and more simple everyday. Ten years ago one would have never thought that he could perform so many activities that he can now so easily. The internet is one such advancement in technology that we are able to take ample advantage of. With the internet we are able to accomplish many tasks such as performing a very advanced search of any topic you can possibly imagine. One can also talk for free through an instant messenger program to people who are using the same program throughout the whole world. The internet has also made businesses more successful in that through the simple click of a mouse you can pay almost any bill or purchase items online with just having a credit card at your fingertips. In this paper I will discuss the many different uses of the internet in today’s society and discuss how using all avenues of the internet have made our life a little easier. The first and probably most important aspect of the internet that has evolved to make our life easier is E-Commerce. E-Commerce is the buying and selling of products over the internet. One online article stated very well how E-Commerce evolved. â€Å"What started as a small, in comparison to what the Internet is now, happening just a few short years ago has grown faster and bigger that anyone would want their child to grow. It has grown to the place where the child is almost unmanageable. In that growth, there are many businesses that have go online without any idea of what their web site is to do for them and how to use it to its best advantage† (www.sellingselling.com). E-Commerce not only helps the person that is trying to run a business but it also helps investors and others who are trying to purchase online products. A person can buy almost anything online that is imaginable. Items that a fe... Free Essays on Using The Internet In Today's Society Free Essays on Using The Internet In Today's Society Using the Internet in Today’s Society In our day and age we have been privileged enough to see many changes in the way we live. Technology is making life more and more simple everyday. Ten years ago one would have never thought that he could perform so many activities that he can now so easily. The internet is one such advancement in technology that we are able to take ample advantage of. With the internet we are able to accomplish many tasks such as performing a very advanced search of any topic you can possibly imagine. One can also talk for free through an instant messenger program to people who are using the same program throughout the whole world. The internet has also made businesses more successful in that through the simple click of a mouse you can pay almost any bill or purchase items online with just having a credit card at your fingertips. In this paper I will discuss the many different uses of the internet in today’s society and discuss how using all avenues of the internet have made our life a little easier. The first and probably most important aspect of the internet that has evolved to make our life easier is E-Commerce. E-Commerce is the buying and selling of products over the internet. One online article stated very well how E-Commerce evolved. â€Å"What started as a small, in comparison to what the Internet is now, happening just a few short years ago has grown faster and bigger that anyone would want their child to grow. It has grown to the place where the child is almost unmanageable. In that growth, there are many businesses that have go online without any idea of what their web site is to do for them and how to use it to its best advantage† (www.sellingselling.com). E-Commerce not only helps the person that is trying to run a business but it also helps investors and others who are trying to purchase online products. A person can buy almost anything online that is imaginable. Items that a fe...

Risk Assessment and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Risk Assessment and Management - Essay Example Evaluation of the risk against strategic categories such as economical, social, environmental stimulations is also achieved in this essay. Risk management is the process of evaluating, mitigating and supervising the potential risk elements connected with the origin of a project. The success of an enterprise depends upon the lower level quantum of risk factors. The higher the risk the higher the loss and an uncertainty will ensue on the future of the project. Therefore risk management has got a virtual application and its style and approach together with strategies will be responsible for the accomplishment of any venture. Recognising the risk management is a multi-disciplinary field. The scientific and systematic skill and knowledge acquired from specialist institutes and associations, and practice and experience to increasingly broad and diverse set of risk factors connected with ventures of all types are required to handle the risk factors involved in a particular enterprise. In other words ability to identify and quantify the risks arising out of an inbuilt environment, with the help of risk analysis systems and tools to the management of risk, are necessary to evaluate and regulate the risk proximity related to a project. Formaldehyde (FA) FA is carcinogenic at the site of contact as a consequence of epithelial cell regenerative proliferation resulting from cytotoxicity and mutation (reviewed by Naya and Nakanishi 2005). In 2004 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that FA is a known human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals (IARC 2004). The carcinogenic effect of FA is caused by prolonged regenerative cell proliferation associated with its cytotoxicity, which increases the number of DNA Risk Assessment and Management 5 replications and thus increases the probability of DNA-protein cross-link (DPX)-initiated replication errors (Liteplo and Meek 2003; Speit et al. 2000). Risk Assessment: Like most other substances formaldehyde is toxic in very high doses. But like Paracelsus said: the dose makes the poison. Formaldehyde is a natural metabolic intermediate and is produced by all living cells. 3 mg/kg of formaldehyde is the natural concentration in the blood of humans and mammals. In some cells of the human body, e.g. in the liver or in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa, concentrations of formaldehyde can reach up to 6-12 mg/kg. Studies show that indoor air levels of formaldehyde in houses and offices are nowadays at a safe level of below 0,1 ppm. Sensory irritation, that is eye and nose irritation, is first observed at levels of 1 ppm and higher. From both human

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 21

History - Essay Example On the other hand John Locke in his book the Second Treaties proves that an individual should have his own identity and thoughts. Moreover Karl Marx in his book â€Å"Communist Manifesto† mentions his view against capitalism. According to Marx, Locke’s documentation resembles more like capitalism. This essay brings out some important evidences about the argument of Locke against the interest of monarchs as represented by Machiavelli and Marx’s argument against capitalism as represented by Locke. As per the documentation and evidences mentioned by Locke in his book the â€Å"Second Treaties† there should be self dependency and individual rights assured to every people in a society. Locke did not argue literally about the monarch rule as represented as an interest of Machiavelli. Locke represented his ideologies about various aspects of the society during his period. Locke’s documentation seems argumentative by readers because of some lines mentioned in Chapter 3 of his book which is the state of war in his book. It says that â€Å"The Prince, who is a ruler, must control his people even by any ruthless means. By this statement Locke did not actually argue about Machiavelli’s interest he just wanted people to think differently and he wanted the society to be less dependent on some one. He wanted people to be perfectly free and one person should not be subjected to another person’s authority without his or her permission. However, according to Mach iavelli the world is full of people who are unworthy and can-not be trusted. If power is given in hand of common people they will end up making the society a worst place (Fukuyama 29). Hence people should be under the command of a leader who has a vision higher and greater than anyone else and a king should be able to take greater responsibilities. A ruler should not show kindness and mercy on each and every person as it can lead to social disturbance and can lead to developments of traitors. The

Heakthcare Strategies Decision Making Tools Essay

Heakthcare Strategies Decision Making Tools - Essay Example 1. We have to develop a policy statement for the contingency plan. For us to have a successful policy, the policy should be able to provide the guidance and the authority that is useful in the realization of the contingency plan. The policy statement contains all the needs that the healthcare will need in order to be effective. For the surgical centre in this step we have to identify all the things that will be needed by the healthcare this may include the surgical equipments, the staffing of the surgical centre and the tools that are needed to be able to complete the surgical centre. We also have to identify the roles of different stakeholders and how these stakeholders take part in the contingency process (Donaldson, 1992). 2. The second step is the impact assessment. This is where the feasibility test is done. In impact assessment, we have to check and know if it is possible to create the program at hand. Do we have all the resources that are necessary for the realization of the g ive goals or are we risking failure and loss due to the implementation of the program. For the surgical centre here, I have to check if it is possible to create this surgical centre and the funds that are available for its creation. ... 3. Recovery strategies. This is effective strategies that are put in place in case of disruption, the operations of the program can easily be normalized. When this is done we have to take the full range of all the possible incidences that can occur during the program. Some of the strategies that we have to look at for this particular project include (Broadbent, 1979). 4. Creation of contingency strategies. These strategies are effective in case the system is lost and we need to recover it. The following are some of the strategies that I have put in place for the surgical centre (Broadbent, 1979). All this strategies have to be implemented step by step so as to ensure that none is skipped as they are all useful in the realization of a good plan in case of any emergencies. Backup failure. We have to backup all the data that will be used for this particular project elsewhere in another hard disk or another computer so that incase of any loss of data in one computer, then it can be recov ered from the backup computers. Alternative sites. Sometimes a situation might arise that the location of the surgical centre have to change, in this case, we have to have an alternative site for the setting up of the surgical centre in case the current place is unavailable. Renewal of equipment. We have to have solutions for events when equipments may be lost due to theft or even any careless lost. The main equipments here will include surgical equipments that are useful in the industry. Roles and responsibility incase of an emergency. For every emergency, we have to state the roles of the different stakeholders to try and manage the situation. When this is done, we have to look at all the factors that are listed before

Motivation to Learn: Teacher-Student Relationship

Motivation to Learn: Teacher-Student Relationship It is a generally accepted truth that the future lies in the hands of the next generation and that the success of the next generation is based largely on education. Increasing numbers of reports and articles in the media have been published over the last several years showing that education of the next generation in the U.S. is lacking. The long-standing super power stands to lose its status on the global playing field, threatening the way America has come to see itself and its role in the world. These trends have caused panic and politicians have claimed a rededication of their efforts in this arena because that is what the nation is crying for. However, while the belief that U.S. students are falling behind the world academically is wide-spread, and fact that this is an undesirable circumstance to be in is unanimous, no single concrete solution has emerged. The leading approach is currently raising standards as can be measured according to standardized tests. The idea is that without a quantifiable measure of progress schools cannot know whether they are improving and that by seeing how they are doing in comparison to other schools, they will be motivated to make even greater strides. It has been suggested that an emphasis on student motivation may be far more valuable than an emphasis on which specific facts theyve memorized from American history or which functions they can calculate in mathematics. While it may be somewhat counterintuitive to argue that education is best improved by focusing on something beside the material the students are expected to learn, many studies have shown that this very well might be the case. This is, in brief, due to the fact that motivated students learn more, learn better, and learn themselves. That is to say, the tradeoff is more than worth it: To dedicate some percentage of a teachers time and efforts to motivating students will translate at the end of the day to those students having learned a lot more than if that same time and effort was invested in conventional transfer of knowledge methods, or far worse, test preparation. Accordingly, many researchers have conducted a considerable number of studies on students academic motivation and students goal orientation, particularly those who concentrate on the dynamics of motivation within classroom settings, have started to emphasize the potential role of relational variables ( e.g., Davis, 2003; Pianta, 1999) and teacher behaviors (e.g., Skinner Belmont, 1993) in students academic engagement. In the last forty years, researches (e.g., Pintrich, 2001, Skinner, 1995, Stipek, 1988) have studied student motivation and, have found a great deal about: What moves students to learn and the quantity and quality of the effort they invest?, What choices students make?, What makes them persist in the face of hardship?, How student motivation is affected by their relationships with significant adults?, How motivation develops?, and How the school environment affects it?. Accordingly, educators, parents, and students have paid substantial attention to the importance of motivation in school because of significant contributions to students academic learning, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and school readiness. Motivation to learn is a competence acquired through general experience however, it is mostly stimulated through modeling, communication of expectations, and direct instruction or socialization by significant others (Brophy, 1987). Infants and young children appear to be mobilized by curiosity, driven by an intense need to explore, interact with, and discover their environment. In the classroom settings, the content covered and the social context can vary continuously. Therefore, children are frequently involved in unfamiliar learning environment. This can create ambiguity for some students; however can crate challenge for other students. Accordingly, students try to make sense of novel learning situations by referring to their motivational beliefs (Brophy, 1987). Motivational belief refers to the opinions, judgments, and values that students hold about objects, events, and learning process (Brophy, 1987). Motivational belief also refers to the students opinions of the efficacy or ef fectiveness of learning and teaching process. For example, childrens beliefs about their academic experiences have important implications for their school adjustment and academic achievement ( Mueller Dweck, 1998; Wigfield Eccles, 2002). Accordingly, expectancies and values are directly determined by other achievement related beliefs (e.g., achievement goals, self-schemata, beliefs about science (Wigfield, 1994). Similarly, motivational beliefs act as a frame of reference that guides students thinking, feelings, and actions in any subject area. For example, motivational beliefs about mathematics determine which strategies and motivational goals students develop. It is crucial that a students beliefs about a domain may be predominantly optimistic or pessimistic, thus providing a positive or negative context for learning ( Skinner, 1995; Stipek, 1988; Vermeer, Boekaerts, Seegers, 2000). Teacher-child relations play a prominent role in the development of competencies in early school-age years (Pianta, Steinberg, Rollins, 1995; Pianta Walsh, 1996) and transition to middle school (Davis. 2003; Pianta, 1999). Teacher may operate as social agents, and they can affect the students intellectual and sociemotional experiences by creating a classroom setting that stimulates both students motivation and learning. Moreover teacher-student relationships serve as a regulatory function for the development of social, emotional, and academic skills (Davis, 2006). Studies have shown that positive teacher-student relationships can lead to a warm classroom environment that facilitates successful adaptation in school and thereby increase students motivation to learn. On the other hand, conflictual teacher-student relationships are associated with lower achievement and self-esteem as well as ongoing relational conflict with both teachers and peers (Pianta Hamre, 2005; Buyse, Verschuere n, Doumen, Damme, Maes, 2008). Research has further indicated that children with whom teachers report positive relationships are outgoing and socially competent (Pianta, et. all., 1995; Birch Ladd, 1998). Moreover, the teachers believed that high quality relationships between teachers and their students enhanced classroom learning and motivation by building a safe and supportive classroom context for students to open up and listen to the teachers and take intellectual risks (Pianta, et al., 1995; Birch Ladd, 1998).Similarly, the beliefs teachers hold about teaching and learning, and the nature of expectations have about their students also exert a powerful influence (Stipek, 1988). These findings support the key role of teacher-student relationships on childrens motivation to learn and school adjustment. The various studies examined the influence of family, academic, and personal factors on the students academic failure and poor motivation to learn (e.g., Covington, 1992). Among personal variables most studied are self-concept, unfavorable motivational beliefs, low ability, and personal goal orientation (Ryan Deci, 2000; Stipek, 2002). For example, unfavorable beliefs impede the learning process because they direct the learners attention away from learning activity itself (Stipek, 1998; Ryan, Gheen, Midgley, 1998). Similarly, the students themselves attribute to poor performance to low ability and to luck (Stipek, 2002) and an improvement in performance to motivation (task-goal orientation), to self-regulating behaviors, and to competence as a function of task characteristics ( Stipek, 2002). Most students believe their ability and effort are the main reasons for school achievement. By the same token, if asked whether they would prefer to be called smart or hard-working, they will choose smart almost every time. Why? Because they believe that hard-working students risk being considered either excessively ambitious or of limited ability, both of which they would find embarrassing. The following literature review covers the significance of young childrens motivation to learn, the effects of the quality of teacher-student relationships on their motivation to learn, the implications of poorly motivated young students on their social and academic life. Firstly, two relevant theoretical frameworks are introduced: self-determination and expectancy and value theory. These theories provide the basis of the rationale for the present study and frame the possible bridging point from the problem to where the attempted solutions until this point failed, and what is worth trying next. Theoretical Considerations Further understanding of the topics of motivation and learning is facilitated through the lenses of various theoretical frameworks. These frameworks shed insight on the bigger picture of motivation and learning and are helpful guides in developing practical new approaches to the classroom. Three major relevant theories are discussed below: self-determination and value-expectancy for achievement motivation As children continue their social, emotional, and physical development during school years, they broaden their familial and extra-familial relationships (Marvin Stewart, 1990). Participation in family-child, teacher-child, and peer-child systems supports the development of play, social interaction, and conflict resolution skills for those children (Lynch Cicchetti, 1992; Pianta, 1999). Self-System and Self-Determination Theories Self-determination theorists (e.g., Ryan, Connell, Deci) claim that children start to value the behaviors for which they and significant others (i.e., teachers, families) in their social environments are reinforced. When these values are accepted as their own (internalization), students begin to choose to engage in activities that are consistent with their own feelings (Deci Ryan, 2001).Similarly, according to self-determination theory, children learn from their parents and other significant adults that achievement behaviors and motivation to learn are valued in the society. Some children internalize these values and behaviors as their own and begin to behave in ways that are consistent with them (Connell, 1990). Accordingly, Connell (1990) posits that the need for relatedness, the need for competence, and the need for autonomy are the most important psychological needs in the framework of self-system processes. The self-system theory of engagement assumes that human beings have bas ic psychological needs and can be motivated to engage in activities passionately and voluntarily when those needs are met (Connell Wellborn, 1991). In addition, in the self- system process, the self evaluates the degree to which psychological needs are met and this evaluation may affect relationships with others (Connell, 1990 ;). Self-determination theory shares this perspective (Davis, 2001; Deci Ryan, 1985) and has also contributed to the construct definition of relatedness by proposing that individuals innate needs (e.g., the need for competence, the need for relatedness, and the need for autonomy) must be fulfilled to achieve self-regulation, motivation, and personal well-being. Deci and Ryan (1985) defined the need for relatedness as feelings of security or belongingness in the social environment that motivate individuals to follow norms and rules. Moreover, all three needs are interrelated. For example, relatedness provides the security that is necessary for student initiat ive, independence, and autonomy in completing tasks that promote competence. Competence enables students to feel confident, accepted, and related to those around them. The healthy fulfillment of these basic needs provides a social environment that regulates the amount of acceptance and success (Urdan Schoenfelder, 2006; Deci Ryan, 2002). The teacher-student relationship is a very important and a powerful motivator for the development of the need for competence and autonomy within this social environment, because school as a complex and unique system asks students to accomplish various intellectual and social tasks. For example, a growing body of studies showed that students, who believed that they are competent academically, are more likely to be interested in academic and school tasks ( Stipek Daniels,1991; Skaalvik Rankin, 1995). Similarly, for teachers, supporting childrens basic psychological needs and provide a healthy classroom environment also promote more positive teacher-student relationships. Within this type of environment, students report grea ter levels of competence, autonomy, and positive relatedness (Connell Wellborn, 1991; Standage, Duda, Ntoumanis, 2005; Urdan Schoenfelder, 2006; Deci Ryan, 2002). Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation Another important alternative and complementary theoretical view of students motivation to learn in educational settings is expectancy-value theory (Atkinson, 1957; Eccles, Adler, Goff, Kaczala, Meece, Midgley, 1983). Eccles and her colleagues (1983) studies values in the context of an expanded expectancy- value theory. This model is consisted of two components: a psychological component which focuses on cognitive factors such as expectations for success and the values placed on successful attainment, and a socialization component which explains individual differences that occur within the variables of the psychological component (Eccles et al., 1983). A major premise of this model involves the influence of parental socialization on childrens motivation ( Eccles et al., 1983; Wigfield, 1994). Like Atkinson (1957), they posited that people choose to engage in tasks that they value and in which they expect to be successful. However, Eccles et al. (1983) conceptualized and defined valu es more broadly than Atkinson (1957). Similarly, they proposed that there are three kinds of values (e.g., attainment value, utility value, intrinsic value) relevant to achievement ( Jacobs Eccles, 2000; Wigfield Eccles, 1992). Attainment value refers to the relevance of an activity to a persons actual or ideal self-concept, and it is determined by how tasks satisfy peoples needs (Eccles et al., 1983). Accordingly, attainment value is the most closely related to internalized motivation in self-determination theory. Utility value is related to the usefulness of a task as a means to accomplish goals that may not be linked to the task itself. Intrinsic value is defined as the immediate enjoyment people get from doing a task. In other words, as a task has intrinsic value , people engage in for its own sake, rather than for some other purpose (Wigfield Eccles, 1992). Furthermore, Eccles et al. (1983) pointed out that values need to be considered in the context of costs such as that hu miliation if failure occurs. Motivation for Academic Achievement If testing is not the way to get students to learn, what is? It has been proposed that the single factor with the greatest impact on whether a student learns is his or her motivation. As mentioned above, motivation is considered one of, if not the, most important factors influencing students learning. Qin Xiaoqing (2002) found that the presence of absence of motivation is in large part what determines success or failure in second language learning. This is because motivated students use learning strategies more frequently, have a stronger will to learn and so set more and higher goals for themselves, and they are more persistent in learning. Qin (2003) found that learning motivation influences the learners autonomous learning ability, and determines the learners confidence in overcoming learning difficulty. These theories on motivation demonstrate that motivation, as one of the crucial factors determining the success in language learning, attracts much attention of the researchers (L i Pan, 2009). What is motivation? While different theorists define motivation differently, motivation is commonly thought of as an inner state of need or desire that activates an individual to do something to satisfy them. In other words, motivation is the force that accounts for the arousal, selection, direction, and continuation of behavior (Li Pan, 2009). Williams and Burden (2000) proposed the definition of motivation as a state of cognitive and emotional arousal that leads to a conscious decision to act, and which causes the exertion of intellectual and physical effort towards reaching a previously set goal. In day to day language, motivation is why we do what we do. Therefore, it is clear why so much education research is focused on motivating students: If motivation is why we do what we do, only a motivated student will learn. It is increasingly accepted in the literature that motivation is more important to a childs education than any other single factor including the teachers skill/exper ience, classroom resources, etc. What role does motivation play in achievement? It has been argued that motivation is not only the key ingredient for outstanding work, but also in extraordinary achievement. The claim is that creative genius grows out of the ability to sustain intense commitment for very long periods in the face of obstacles-in other words, motivation (Runco, Nemiro, Walberg, 1998). However, on the other hand is the widespread believe that accomplishment, and especially outstanding accomplishment, is about innate talent. People who believe this somehow ignore the fact that Mozart, Darwin, Michal Jordan, and Tiger Woods practiced feverishly and single-mindedly for years, and instead believe that they were simply born with a talent that if one is not born with cannot not be achieved regardless of how motivation or any other factor controllable (Dwek, 2002). Proponents of the first belief however, that motivation and not talent is the core ingredient for success, have developed various ways to bring that motivation to the classroom towards students academic achievement. One major school of thought is called progressive education. This approach is centered on the importance of the genuine interest of the students (Simmons Page, 2010). A students interest or motivation can stem from innumerable factors and vary depending on the student, of course. Researchers in the field have categorized stuent motivations into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic. A student who is intrinsically motivated commits him or herself to a task for its own sake, that is, for the enjoyment of it, the learning it allows, and for a feeling of accomplishment. A student who is extrinsically motivated comits to a task in order to receive a reward from a source external to him or herself such as from the teacher (Macabudbud, Alba, Jestony, Dadis,Diaz, Realiza, Ven tura, 2009).Understanding these different motivations is important when translating the theoretical ideas of the importance of motivating students into practical ways to do so. The Implications of Young Childrens Motivation to Learn Many young children begin school with a thirst for learning. Similarly, Goldberg (1994) pointed out that young children enthusiastically seek novel and challenging school tasks and therefore, motivation is key to successful school adjustment. Motivation can be defined as the process that helps instigate goal directed activity, and enables that activity to be maintained (Pintrich Schunk, 1996). Positive motivational patterns are crucial for learning in early childhood as they are for later learning (Carlton Winsler, 1998). Intrinsic motivation refers to the desire to participate in a task only for the pleasure derived from a task itself, whereas extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to participate in a task for the sake of a desirable outcome such as teacher praise or a reward (Pintrich Schunk, 1996). Gottfried (1985) hypothesized that academic intrinsic motivation is positively and significantly related to school achievement. Gottfried (1985) found that children, who are more intrinsically motivated, are more successful learners than those with more extrinsically motivated. Accordingly, inhibiting the development of intrinsic motivation in early childhood education and schools have been criticized (Broophy, 1998). It is noteworthy to first understand how motivation relates to education and how motivation affects the childrens social and academic competence. Similarly, Fortier (1995) examined the effects of autonomous academic motivation on perceived academic self-competence and perceived academic self-determination. He showed that perceived academic competence and perceived academic self-determination positively influenced autonomous academic motivation, which in turn had a positive impact on school and the development of intrinsic motivation. Moreover, Boggiano, Shields, Barrett, Thompson, Simons, and Katz (1992) found that motivational orientation is significantly related to childrens standardized achievement scores. Specifically, young students with a n intrinsic motivational orientation got higher reading and math achievement scores than their classroom mates with extrinsic motivational orientation (Boggiano, et al., 1992). Together, this indicates that intrinsic motivational orientation contributes to a range of achievement-related behaviors and cognitions. School readiness as a multidimensional concept includes childrens approaches to learning (i.e., emergent literacy and math skills) (Kagan Neuman, 1997). Moreover, school readiness is a significant indication of a childs ability to be successful in school settings. In previous research with older children (e.g., Stipek, 1998; Ryan Connell, 1989; Harter, 1992), motivation has showed as an important factor for learning, academic success, and social development. Similarly, Carlton (1999) showed that childrens motivation to learn is an important predictor of school readiness and the development of social skills. Another important alternative and complementary theoretical view of students motivation to learn in educational settings is achievement goal theory (Miserandino, 1998). Achievement goal theory provided insights in order to examine students motivation and achievement-related outcomes (Ames, 1992 ; Walters, 2004). Achievement goals can be defined as the purposes and reasons for a persons pursuit in achievement situation. Different purposes and reasons lead to different emotional, cognitive, and affective patterns (Dweck Leggett, 1988 ; Urdan Midgley, 2003). There have been considerable amount of researches (e.g., Elliot McGregor, 2001; Elliot Thrash, 2001) that showed the effects of achievement goals on students motivation to learn. For example, Kaplan, Gheen, and Midgley (2002) examined the relationship between classroom goal structure and student disruptive behavior. They (2002) found that student perceptions of a mastery goal structure were related to lower incidence of behavior al problems and disruptive behaviors whereas student perceptions of a performance approach goal structure were related to higher incidence of behavioral problems and disruptive behaviors. Ames (1992) pointed out that mastery orientation is associated with depth engagement with the task and greater perseverance in the face of failure or barriers and thereby, mastery orientation increases the individuals intrinsic motivation, then in turn, motivation to learn. Previous researches examining childrens expectancy-related beliefs about different achievement tasks showed that childrens expectancy-related beliefs play a central role in their achievement motivation and contribute to their behavior and learning (Eccles et al., 1983; Meece Courtney, 1992). For example, young children who have positive ability beliefs and approach achievement tasks with a high expectancy of success, consistently show high levels of persistence and performance on achievement tasks (Eccles et al., 1983). Similarly, childrens expectancies and values themselves are most directly affected by childrens achievement goals, their self-schemata, and their task-specific beliefs. Values also influence students intentions and decisions about the course enrollment (Meece Courtney, 1992). Furthermore, values affect the perception of self-competence and self-esteem (Eccles et al.,1983). Accordingly, Dweck and Elliott (1983) posited that how learning and performance goals are dete rmined by childrens subjective values. For instance, the kind of achievement situation the child is in influence the childs subjective values. The child, who believes he or she is competent at a certain task, believes that achievement of similar tasks in the future is possible and easy and so competence belief and expectancy for success are directly related (Eccles et al., 1983; Wigfield Eccles, 1992). For examples, achievement values in school tasks (i.e., mathematic) can influence self-perceptions of competence (Covington, 1992). Previous research also suggested that early achievement and socialization experiences and cultural norms can influence how elementary and high-school students understand, interpret, and approach achievement (Eccles et al. 1983 ; Meece, Parsons, Kaczala, Goff, Futterman, 1982). Similarly, studies of junior and senior high school students demonstrated that the subjective task values adolescents attach to school subjects are related to their course plans, activity choices ( Eccles, Adler, Meece, 1984; Meece, Wigfleld, Eccles, 1990). For example, in their study of junior high school students, Meece and colleagues (1990) found that the importance students attached to mathematics predicted their intentions to continue taking mathematics. Eccles and Harold (1991) examined adolescents self-perceptions of ability, subjective task values, and activity choices in sports. They reported that adolescents self-reports of free time involvement in sports was significantly related to their subjective task values of sports. However, there is paucity of investigation of effects of motivation to learn on young childrens learning. Accordingly, focusing on young school childrens expectations and values using the expectancy-value model and the effects of may contribute to our understanding about childrens development of motivational values and expectancy and in early school years. A number of researchers (e.g., Stipek Mac Iver, 1989; Wigfield, Eccles, Mac Iver, Reuman, Midgley, 1991) also showed that young childrens beliefs about their ability and expectancies for success are overly optimistic and are not realistic. Young children perceive themselves as competent and they nearly always think that they will be successful on the upcoming tasks. However, as children progress through elementary school, their ability beliefs and expectancies for success may demonstrate a substantial change, and their beliefs about their ability and expectancies become more accurate and realistic (Stipek, 1984; Wigfleld Eccles, 1992). Although there can be age related differences in childrens motivational belief, perceived academic self-competence, perceived academic self-determination, the quality of teacher-student relationships, classroom achievement goal structure also play a significant role in young students motivation to learn and their motivational belief ( Eccles et al., 1983; Pianta, 1999; Stipek, 2002). Therefore, it is very crucial to further investigate and demonstrate the effects of aforementioned factors in young children motivation to learn, and in turn, how young childrens motivation to learn influence the development of social and academic competence. Teacher-Student Relationship and Young Childrens Motivation to Learn It is widely recognized that when children enter school or transient to next level, they encounter a variety of new challenges. These include creating positive relationships with peer groups and adults in the school environment as well as learning to meet the demands of a wide range of cognitive, social, and academic tasks (Pianta et al., 1995; Birch Ladd, 1997; Baker, 2006). Teacher-child relationships play a prominent role in the development of competencies in the preschool and early school years (Hamre Pianta, 2001; Pianta Walsh, 1996). Teacher may operate as social agents, and they can affect the students intellectual and sociemotional experiences by creating a classroom setting that stimulates both students motivation and learning. Moreover teacher-student relationships serve as a regulatory function for the development of social, emotional, and academic skills (Davis, 2006). Similarly, young children who enjoy taking positive supports from teachers and having warm and close relationships with them appear to demonstrate social and academic competence at school (Pianta, 1999). A growing body of research examined the effects of the quality of teacher-student dyadic interaction on students academic motivation (e.g., Davis Ashley, 2003; Pianta, 1999). In fact, the degree to which children develop social and academic competencies in their school lives is a good indicator of successful school adaptation and positive teacher as well as peer relationship (Birch Ladd, 1997; Pianta, et. all., 1995). For example, Davis and Ashley (2003) reported that positive teacher-student interaction enhanced classroom learning and students motivation by building a safe and supportive context for students to motivate for learning and take intellectual risks. In addition, teachers believed that students tended to work hard if they liked their teachers and had caring relations with their teachers. Therefore, teachers in Daviss and Ashleys study (David Ashley, 2003) preferred to invest the time and effort for the development of supportive relations with their students. In additio n, those positive and caring relations helped the teachers to be creative in their instruction. Accordingly, Davis (2006) found that middle school students and teachers, who perceived their relations as a supportive and positive, reported enhanced motivation, more facilitative classroom settings, and higher grades. Similarly, Birch and Ladd (1997) found that supportive teacher-student relationship plays an important role in developing school adjustment competencies including attention, motivation, problem-solving, and self esteem. Together, when teachers provided more autonomy and the instruction addressed students personal interest and personal relevance, they were more emotionally and behaviorally engaged in school works and they had more supportive relationships with their teachers. Similarly, those students, who reported higher levels of autonomy provided by their teacher, showed more adaptive patterns of learning (David Ashley, 2003; Stipek, 2002). Accordingly, previous researches (e.g., Patrick, Hicks, Ryan, 1997; Patrick, Ryan, Kaplan, 2007; Ryan Patrick, 2001) have indicated that there is a significant relationship between students adaptive motivation for academics and a number of social factors within the classroom. These include teacher-student relationship, teacher support ( Midgley, Feldlaufer, Ecles, 1988), and teacher practices that foster respect among students ( Ryan Patrick, 2001; Patrick, Ryan, Kaplan, 2007). Similarly, Patrick, Anderman, Ryan, Edelin, and Midgley (2001) examined how teacher-student interaction influences both students classrooms goal-orientation structure. They found that teachers apparent support and enthusiasm toward students progress and their confidence in students ability to learn were accompanied by teachers recognition practices and their teaching styles. Their relationships with students were characterized by supporting students academic engagement and giving warm praise. Teachers en couraged their students to focus on task and informational feedback. In mastery-approach classroom, all teachers perceived learning as active process in which classroom involvement, positive interactions, understanding (not memorization), student engagement are key requirements of student academic achievement and motivation. On the oth

Favoritism in Washington Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow :: Legend Sleepy Hollow

Favoritism in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow In Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" he has two main characters, Ichabod Crane and Bram Bones. These two heroic characters both desire the same woman, Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter of a substantial Dutch farmer. Apart from the fact that they both yearn for the same woman these two men are completely different creatures. In "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", Washington Irving does not hide the fact that he clearly favors Ichabod Crane over Brom Bones. Ichabod Crane is a somewhat geeky tall lanky man. He is a highly educated schoolmaster who travels from home to home teaching young children. "Ichabod Crane had a soft and foolish heart towards the sex". He clearly doubts himself with the ladies and appears to be a rather insecure character throughout the narrative. On the other hand, Ichabod Crane's adversary Bram Bones is quite the opposite. Bram Bones is a rather large robust burly and somewhat arrogant man. He is well known for his "feats of strength and hardihood. He is a confident man who expects his advances on a lady to be reciprocated. Bram Bones traveled with his gang of friends whereas Ichabod Crane seemed to be a loner who traveled by himself. Interestingly, both men were well known for there knowledge and skill in their own trades. Nevertheless, even their choice of vocation couldn't be more contrary. Bram Bones was known for his great knowledge and skill in horsemanship. His profession was a hands on job requiring great physical strength. Later in the story we learn that Ichabod lacks the necessary skills to ride a horse very well. Conversely, Ichabod Crane was clearly known for his knowledge and great wisdom. He was respected for his informative accounts of witch craft and the legendary superstitions such as the headless horseman. In terms of the author's favorite character, Washington is not shy about letting the reader know favoritism is undoubtedly towards Ichabod Crane. At one point in the story Washington states, "I should in the true spirit of romantic story, give some account of the looks and equipments of my hero and his steed".